City building has preoccupied kings and cardinals,mayors and burghers,for thousands of years.But it was only in the modern period that urban planning became an accepted profession and a well defined field of study.
NINETEENTH-CENTURY URBAN CRISIS AND REFORM
-The parks movenment
One of the first responses to the horrors and social dislocations of industrial urbanism was the parks movement.The parks movement sought to provide the congested city with "lungs". The enormous increase of urban populations in the nineteenth century and the misery entailed by the industrial revolution greatly compounded urban health problems.
-Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City ideal
The key to improved health was an urban plan that eliminated congestion and kept the open countryside close at hand.
-The Garden City movement begins
-Urban aestheticism and the city beautiful movement
On the continent,this tendency reached its peak with the brilliant writings and designs of Camillo Sitte.
-Daniel Burnham of Chicago
The principal elements of city beautiful design,and its allied civic art movement,were strong axial arrangements,magificent boulevards and impressive public buildings.
-Planning comes of age
Nothing that city beautiful projects have little efffect on the daily lives of working class people,Marsh argued that all public improvements should be argued that all public improvements should be scutinized with a view to the benefits they will confer upon those most in need.
-Progressivism and the city efficient
-Edward Bassett and the master plan
-New towns and regionalism
-The contribution of Patrick Geddes
-New towns for America
-The plan for New York and envions
Prophets of high modernism
---Utopian modernism
---Planning and the great deppression
---Modern housing for the depression poor
Patrick Abercrombie and the Barlow report
-the barlow report
In Britain, and elsewhere in Europe,planners saw regionalism and New Towns policies,along with parallel increases in welfarism,that helped in the rebuilding process that was the inevitable work of postwar reconstruction.
The great accomplishments of early city planning must not be overlooked or undervalued.The great urban parks still enhance the lives of millions and constitute and incalculable asset for the residents of great cities.
The great premises and programs of the
Thursday, 25 November 2010
How plans work---Lewis D.Hopkins for week 3
How do plans work?
The items in the agenda of a meeting have in common the timing of decisions at the same meeting and perhaps a common decision maker`s authority,but the choice for one item need have no relation to the choice for another.A policy works by automating repeat decisions to save time or by ensuring that the same action is taken in the same circumstances,which yields fairness or predictability.Plans also work as a focus of deliberation.Such work occurs both in the creation of plans and in their use to guide action.
Investments and regulations
Investments in physical infrastructure of facilities mediate between geographic space and people`s behaviors.Thus two kinks of decisions matter:the decisions to invest in infrastructure and the decisions to use the resulting infrastructure in particular ways.Thus an indicator of vehicle miles traveled per person per day depends on where people who work downtown live and over what type of network they travel,which depends in turn on the geographic character of the site of the city.
People choose to live or work in facilities that exist at particular locations because someone invested in the facility at the location.
DETERMINING WHETHER PLANS WORK
Do plans work?
-Plan-making behaviors
-Plans -information available at particular times to particular people.
-Investments& regulations
-Outcomes
Summary:Plans work in particular situations
Plans can work in more than one way.Given explanations of how plans work.They thus provide a basis for predicting what plans will be worth making.
The items in the agenda of a meeting have in common the timing of decisions at the same meeting and perhaps a common decision maker`s authority,but the choice for one item need have no relation to the choice for another.A policy works by automating repeat decisions to save time or by ensuring that the same action is taken in the same circumstances,which yields fairness or predictability.Plans also work as a focus of deliberation.Such work occurs both in the creation of plans and in their use to guide action.
Investments and regulations
Investments in physical infrastructure of facilities mediate between geographic space and people`s behaviors.Thus two kinks of decisions matter:the decisions to invest in infrastructure and the decisions to use the resulting infrastructure in particular ways.Thus an indicator of vehicle miles traveled per person per day depends on where people who work downtown live and over what type of network they travel,which depends in turn on the geographic character of the site of the city.
People choose to live or work in facilities that exist at particular locations because someone invested in the facility at the location.
DETERMINING WHETHER PLANS WORK
Do plans work?
-Plan-making behaviors
-Plans -information available at particular times to particular people.
-Investments& regulations
-Outcomes
Summary:Plans work in particular situations
Plans can work in more than one way.Given explanations of how plans work.They thus provide a basis for predicting what plans will be worth making.
Practitioners and the art of planning---Eugenie L.Birch for week 2
This article probes the meaning of the phrase"art of planning"as envisioned by its practitioners-those who work in the field and those who teach and research in academia.
1930s to 1960s:Science and art of planning
The field had been evolving from 1917,when twenty-four men founded the American Institute of City Planning.That year the American Institute of City Planning members deleted the word "city"from the organization`s title,making it American Institute of Planners.The massive New Deal efforts designed to address widespread Depression-caused unemployment through infrastructure construction had opened up many new avenues for planners.
While under these conditions,the design and craft facets of the field expanded dramatically,the presentation approaches basically remained unchanged from the earliest days of expert-driven diagnosis and prescription accompanied by the graphic and textual material of planning reports.
To codify their expertise,planners produced textbooks and monographs capturing the art of planning from their own experience.While planners did not explicitly write about the presentation techniques needed to succeed in their field,they did assemble lists of exemplary planning products.
On the whole,these volumes expanded the design and craft aspects of the field but reiterated the presentation formats of the past.
The art of planning,sixties-style
Just as New deal activities had prompted the examination of the profession in 1938,the implementation of postwar programs would cause heavy soul searching in the 1960s. More over,with their focus on city and suburb and their claimed expertise in urban structure and land use,planner were often at the heart of the debates on domestic issues.In this period,education in planning was also changing.
The art and science of planning in the seventies
Interest in the field of urbanism ran high through out the 1970s,especially after president Lyndon Johnson signed legislation creating the cabinet level departed of Housing and urban development in 1965.By the end of the 1980s,about eighty schools had degree offerings.
The art of planning in the eighties and nineties
The degree programs,now numbering about 100,continued to focus on master`s and doctoral education.
Publication of two editions of the Green Book bracketed the next decades.
The art of planning in the millennium
As this account has related,the art of planning,as seen in the successive editions of the Green Book,is composed of three elements:design,craft and presentation.Over time,planner have amplified or modified the definition of the three facets of the art of planning,adding new areas of expertise and redefining their role in exercising this knowledge.
These are a few ideas, designed to stimulate discussion and action.
1930s to 1960s:Science and art of planning
The field had been evolving from 1917,when twenty-four men founded the American Institute of City Planning.That year the American Institute of City Planning members deleted the word "city"from the organization`s title,making it American Institute of Planners.The massive New Deal efforts designed to address widespread Depression-caused unemployment through infrastructure construction had opened up many new avenues for planners.
While under these conditions,the design and craft facets of the field expanded dramatically,the presentation approaches basically remained unchanged from the earliest days of expert-driven diagnosis and prescription accompanied by the graphic and textual material of planning reports.
To codify their expertise,planners produced textbooks and monographs capturing the art of planning from their own experience.While planners did not explicitly write about the presentation techniques needed to succeed in their field,they did assemble lists of exemplary planning products.
On the whole,these volumes expanded the design and craft aspects of the field but reiterated the presentation formats of the past.
The art of planning,sixties-style
Just as New deal activities had prompted the examination of the profession in 1938,the implementation of postwar programs would cause heavy soul searching in the 1960s. More over,with their focus on city and suburb and their claimed expertise in urban structure and land use,planner were often at the heart of the debates on domestic issues.In this period,education in planning was also changing.
The art and science of planning in the seventies
Interest in the field of urbanism ran high through out the 1970s,especially after president Lyndon Johnson signed legislation creating the cabinet level departed of Housing and urban development in 1965.By the end of the 1980s,about eighty schools had degree offerings.
The art of planning in the eighties and nineties
The degree programs,now numbering about 100,continued to focus on master`s and doctoral education.
Publication of two editions of the Green Book bracketed the next decades.
The art of planning in the millennium
As this account has related,the art of planning,as seen in the successive editions of the Green Book,is composed of three elements:design,craft and presentation.Over time,planner have amplified or modified the definition of the three facets of the art of planning,adding new areas of expertise and redefining their role in exercising this knowledge.
These are a few ideas, designed to stimulate discussion and action.
Wednesday, 24 November 2010
Geographic Information Systems---Ann-Margaret Esnard,Nancy Sappington&Milton R.Ospina
Geographic information system(GIS) is a tool that connects databases to maps.By combining a range of spatially referenced data and analytic tool,GIS technology enables people to prioritize issues,understand them,consider alternatives and reach viable conclusions.
The capability of a GIS to link data sets together by common location information facilitates the sharing of information, such as interdepartmentally within an organization or via the internet with the public.
GIS COMPONENTS
The main components of a GIS are hardware, software,data sources,including metadata and data structure types.
Hardware
The hardware consists of a computer that meets the software system requirements and other equipment,such as printers,scanners or digitizers.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools necessary for storing,analyzing and displaying spatial information.
Data sources
To determine the type of data needed,one needs to first determine the types of produts a GIS will produce.
Metadata
Metadata are perhaps the most critical part of a GIS and often the most neglected.
Data types
There are two types of data: vector data and raster data. A GIS will integrate both types of data.
GIS FUNCTIONALITY
-Query by location
A query by location can be a search on a point within a polygon or a radius search from a specific point.
-Query by attribute
A query by attribute searches on data stored in the table.
-Boolean queries
Boolean queries are a combination of location queries and attribute queries.
-Buffers
A buffers is a region around a geographic feature or phenomenon.Buffers can be one ring or multiple rings.
-Address matching
This process matches the location of an event recorded as a street address,latitude and longitude position or milepost locations along a route in a table, to a street centerline,zip code or other administrative zone.
-Measuring distance
Distance can be measured as Euclidean distance,which is the distance of straight or curved paths.
-Overlays
The overlay operation is central to many GIS applications.
-Suitability analyses
Suitability analysis is commonly used for finding optimum locations for a project,based on a combination of map layers.
The capability of a GIS to link data sets together by common location information facilitates the sharing of information, such as interdepartmentally within an organization or via the internet with the public.
GIS COMPONENTS
The main components of a GIS are hardware, software,data sources,including metadata and data structure types.
Hardware
The hardware consists of a computer that meets the software system requirements and other equipment,such as printers,scanners or digitizers.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools necessary for storing,analyzing and displaying spatial information.
Data sources
To determine the type of data needed,one needs to first determine the types of produts a GIS will produce.
Metadata
Metadata are perhaps the most critical part of a GIS and often the most neglected.
Data types
There are two types of data: vector data and raster data. A GIS will integrate both types of data.
GIS FUNCTIONALITY
-Query by location
A query by location can be a search on a point within a polygon or a radius search from a specific point.
-Query by attribute
A query by attribute searches on data stored in the table.
-Boolean queries
Boolean queries are a combination of location queries and attribute queries.
-Buffers
A buffers is a region around a geographic feature or phenomenon.Buffers can be one ring or multiple rings.
-Address matching
This process matches the location of an event recorded as a street address,latitude and longitude position or milepost locations along a route in a table, to a street centerline,zip code or other administrative zone.
-Measuring distance
Distance can be measured as Euclidean distance,which is the distance of straight or curved paths.
-Overlays
The overlay operation is central to many GIS applications.
-Suitability analyses
Suitability analysis is commonly used for finding optimum locations for a project,based on a combination of map layers.
Planning Metropolitan Regions---Gary Hack
WHAT`S WRONG WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT?
The older areas are deserted for new development on the urban fringe, it may be an inefficient use of public resources to let excess infrastructure lie fallow at the centers of cities while constructing new utilities as part of developments at the perimeter.
There is often a mismatch between the location of jobs in the dispersed metropolis and those in need of employment.There may be a second disparity between the ability of public jurisdictions to raise resources through the forms of taxation they have available and the demands for services and social assistance placed upon them.
THE EVOLUTION OF "SPRAWL" INTO NEW PATTERNS
The evolving metropolitan region has a distinct underlying structure.Employment and shopping clusters have grown up in portions of metropolitan areas that have good highway access.
The next development opportunities in these clusters will involve the huge areas that have been set aside for parking. The difficulty is that all the highways leading to the cluster are likely to be congested already.Local governments resist approving more density unless there are new transportation systems,and a number of developers have begun to create transportation management organizations in suburban clusters.
The conundrum of emerging commercial culsters is that they cannot become true urban centers without mass transit and much higher densities,yet they cannot get government approval for such changes because of worries about congestion and spillover effects in adjacent areas.
There are often no connections among these assorted developments and frequently no sidewalks along the streets,but people create pathways across parking lots or undeveloped areas or lawns wherever they can.
Over the next generation, the traditional city center will no longer be the only venue for cultural and entertainment events.
THE FUTURE OF TRADITIONAL DOWNTOWNS
The future of traditional downtown will become even more specialized subcenters,certainly not the only centers or even the most dominant ones,but important nonetheless.
NEW NEIGHBORHOOD DIVERSITY
Although all the house in a neighborhood may look similar, a close look at mature suburbs will reveal considerable diversity. It is also a mistake to stereotype new metropolitan development.Specialized districts are emerging in outlying parts of the metropolitan region.
NEW REGIONAL DIVERSITY
There are high-tech communities built around research and education that define new metropolitan forms.
The daily and weekly geographic range of people in these linked settlements also appears to be expanding. People can commute outbound as well as inbound,and increased numbers of people who seek urbanity are choosin to locate in central cities even though their jobs may be elsewhere.Outside city centers, new housing being constructed is almost always at much lower densities than in previous years.Cleraly the tax advantages are an important incentive, but the transformation of a tough area like hough would not have happened without the desire of many to live close to urban amenities.
MORE POWER AND RESPONSIBILITY NEED TO DEVOLVE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
At the same time that greater regional capacity is needed, many of the functions operated at the scale of counties or big municipalities could benefit by devolution to smaller entities.
PLANNING IS A NECESSITY FOR SUCCESSFUL CITIES AND REGIONS
If the past century of development leaves any lesson, it is that the detailed relationships,even design,of urban areas ultimately affects their desirability and attractiveness. The next century will require a policy framework that recognizes these as critical aspects of modern life and that creates an accommodation between them.
The older areas are deserted for new development on the urban fringe, it may be an inefficient use of public resources to let excess infrastructure lie fallow at the centers of cities while constructing new utilities as part of developments at the perimeter.
There is often a mismatch between the location of jobs in the dispersed metropolis and those in need of employment.There may be a second disparity between the ability of public jurisdictions to raise resources through the forms of taxation they have available and the demands for services and social assistance placed upon them.
The evolving metropolitan region has a distinct underlying structure.Employment and shopping clusters have grown up in portions of metropolitan areas that have good highway access.
The next development opportunities in these clusters will involve the huge areas that have been set aside for parking. The difficulty is that all the highways leading to the cluster are likely to be congested already.Local governments resist approving more density unless there are new transportation systems,and a number of developers have begun to create transportation management organizations in suburban clusters.
The conundrum of emerging commercial culsters is that they cannot become true urban centers without mass transit and much higher densities,yet they cannot get government approval for such changes because of worries about congestion and spillover effects in adjacent areas.
There are often no connections among these assorted developments and frequently no sidewalks along the streets,but people create pathways across parking lots or undeveloped areas or lawns wherever they can.
Over the next generation, the traditional city center will no longer be the only venue for cultural and entertainment events.
THE FUTURE OF TRADITIONAL DOWNTOWNS
The future of traditional downtown will become even more specialized subcenters,certainly not the only centers or even the most dominant ones,but important nonetheless.
NEW NEIGHBORHOOD DIVERSITY
Although all the house in a neighborhood may look similar, a close look at mature suburbs will reveal considerable diversity. It is also a mistake to stereotype new metropolitan development.Specialized districts are emerging in outlying parts of the metropolitan region.
NEW REGIONAL DIVERSITY
There are high-tech communities built around research and education that define new metropolitan forms.
The daily and weekly geographic range of people in these linked settlements also appears to be expanding. People can commute outbound as well as inbound,and increased numbers of people who seek urbanity are choosin to locate in central cities even though their jobs may be elsewhere.Outside city centers, new housing being constructed is almost always at much lower densities than in previous years.Cleraly the tax advantages are an important incentive, but the transformation of a tough area like hough would not have happened without the desire of many to live close to urban amenities.
MORE POWER AND RESPONSIBILITY NEED TO DEVOLVE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
At the same time that greater regional capacity is needed, many of the functions operated at the scale of counties or big municipalities could benefit by devolution to smaller entities.
PLANNING IS A NECESSITY FOR SUCCESSFUL CITIES AND REGIONS
If the past century of development leaves any lesson, it is that the detailed relationships,even design,of urban areas ultimately affects their desirability and attractiveness. The next century will require a policy framework that recognizes these as critical aspects of modern life and that creates an accommodation between them.
Sunday, 7 November 2010
Town plan- Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater & Jeff Speck
Regional Considerations
The most important design criteria of any new village or town. Currently,most development occurs not according to geographical logic.
Mixed-use Development
Regardless of location , a new neighborhood can avoid unduly contributing to sprawl by being of mixed use.
The corner store should be constructed in an early building phase.It should not be expected to turn a profit until the neighborhood matures,and for that reason the retail space should be provided rent free by the developer as an amenitym, much in an elaborate entry feature or a clubhouse. The corner store is of course only the first step toward a true mix of uses. A neighborhood-scale shopping center may be appropriate for a larger population or when adjacent to through traffic. A mixed-use neighborhood also includes places to work, the more the better.
Ideally,every neighborhood should be designed with an even balance of residents and jobs.
A common criticism of forcing ,the workplace into residential areas is that, even though the workplace is near the homes. it is not near the homes of the people who work there. The most important civic building is the neigborhood elementary school, which should never be more than a fifteen-minute walk from any home. True neighborhoods mix different uses within individual buildings as well.
Connectivity
If a new neighborhood is to contribute more to its region than traffic, it must do more than just mix uses.This is easier said than done.Whenever we design a new neighborhood,we make every effort to convince the adjacent subdivisions to allow us to connect to them. Connenctivity is also an important issue as it concerns highways and arterials.When faced with a major road,how should a neighborhood respond? That depends on whether the road is designed as a civic thoroughfare or as an automotive sewer.
Making the most of a site
Modern development is notorious for its unique approach to nature.Frist,natural features-add significantly to property value.Second,the character of the land scape can help people understand and negotiate their environment.
The inevitable question of styl
Traditional neighborhood design has little or nothing to do with the issue of architectural style.
As a result,there now exist essentially three different types of architecture,most of which could be called kitsch.
The most important design criteria of any new village or town. Currently,most development occurs not according to geographical logic.
Mixed-use Development
Regardless of location , a new neighborhood can avoid unduly contributing to sprawl by being of mixed use.
The corner store should be constructed in an early building phase.It should not be expected to turn a profit until the neighborhood matures,and for that reason the retail space should be provided rent free by the developer as an amenitym, much in an elaborate entry feature or a clubhouse. The corner store is of course only the first step toward a true mix of uses. A neighborhood-scale shopping center may be appropriate for a larger population or when adjacent to through traffic. A mixed-use neighborhood also includes places to work, the more the better.
Ideally,every neighborhood should be designed with an even balance of residents and jobs.
A common criticism of forcing ,the workplace into residential areas is that, even though the workplace is near the homes. it is not near the homes of the people who work there. The most important civic building is the neigborhood elementary school, which should never be more than a fifteen-minute walk from any home. True neighborhoods mix different uses within individual buildings as well.
Connectivity
If a new neighborhood is to contribute more to its region than traffic, it must do more than just mix uses.This is easier said than done.Whenever we design a new neighborhood,we make every effort to convince the adjacent subdivisions to allow us to connect to them. Connenctivity is also an important issue as it concerns highways and arterials.When faced with a major road,how should a neighborhood respond? That depends on whether the road is designed as a civic thoroughfare or as an automotive sewer.
Making the most of a site
Modern development is notorious for its unique approach to nature.Frist,natural features-add significantly to property value.Second,the character of the land scape can help people understand and negotiate their environment.
The inevitable question of styl
Traditional neighborhood design has little or nothing to do with the issue of architectural style.
As a result,there now exist essentially three different types of architecture,most of which could be called kitsch.
Monday, 25 October 2010
The Master Plan Charles M.Haar o(>﹏<)o
The Concept Of The Master Plan
The master plan has a variety of meanings. Master plan may mean oen thing wehn used to advise on the timing of construction of New York City schools , and quite another in the allocation of lands for recreational uses in a rural setting. The master plan concept cannot be said to have an universal meaning.Nor is there any one way of formulating or administering it.
The uses to society of this mechanism are envisioned as 6 broad types:
1.a source of information
2.a program for correction
3.a guide to effectuating procedures and measures
4.an ordinance regulating the use of land
5.a guard against the arbitrary
What The Master Plan Means To The Planner
1.Source of information
The acknowledged initial step of the master plan procedure is the survey.These include studies of economic activity, population composition and growth, land uses, channels of movement, systems of public facilities and physical resources and liabilities.
2.A program for correction
By hypothesis the plan serves to indicate the area`s sore spots and funcitonal deficiencies.
3.An estimate of the future
Plans must be premised upon estimates of industrial growth, of future age and group compositions of the population and the other variables affecting the phsical development of the community.
4.An indicator of goals
The master plan should not merely incorporate ascertained or probale trends of development.Ohterwise, only an incomplete job would ensue.
5.A technique for coordination
The planning commission is directed to study and crystallize the interrelationships of the various land uses and structures within the city.The coordination is the long range point of view and the phasing of the program for reaching the ultimate objectives that emphasize the potential contribution of the master plan.
6.A device for stimulating public interest and responibility
What the previous categories of the values served by the master plan may very well add up to is simply this:the chief purpose of the master plan is that of mutual education.
The Master Plan Is Hortatory
The statutory mandate to make and adopt a master plan is really synonymous with a mandate to plan.
The Written Master Plan
The master plan is an ever changing recordation of the city planner`s end result thinking.
The improbability of such a mnemonic freak indicates. If the plan is regarded not as the vest pocket tool of the planning commission,but as a broad statement to be adopted by the most representative municipal body the local legislature, then the plan becomes a law through such adoption.
This will highlight the master plan`s primary role as a constitution. It is a point of view which should be introduced in a courtroom when a particular measure is being assayed.
The master plan has a variety of meanings. Master plan may mean oen thing wehn used to advise on the timing of construction of New York City schools , and quite another in the allocation of lands for recreational uses in a rural setting. The master plan concept cannot be said to have an universal meaning.Nor is there any one way of formulating or administering it.
The uses to society of this mechanism are envisioned as 6 broad types:
1.a source of information
2.a program for correction
3.a guide to effectuating procedures and measures
4.an ordinance regulating the use of land
5.a guard against the arbitrary
What The Master Plan Means To The Planner
1.Source of information
The acknowledged initial step of the master plan procedure is the survey.These include studies of economic activity, population composition and growth, land uses, channels of movement, systems of public facilities and physical resources and liabilities.
2.A program for correction
By hypothesis the plan serves to indicate the area`s sore spots and funcitonal deficiencies.
3.An estimate of the future
Plans must be premised upon estimates of industrial growth, of future age and group compositions of the population and the other variables affecting the phsical development of the community.
4.An indicator of goals
The master plan should not merely incorporate ascertained or probale trends of development.Ohterwise, only an incomplete job would ensue.
5.A technique for coordination
The planning commission is directed to study and crystallize the interrelationships of the various land uses and structures within the city.The coordination is the long range point of view and the phasing of the program for reaching the ultimate objectives that emphasize the potential contribution of the master plan.
6.A device for stimulating public interest and responibility
What the previous categories of the values served by the master plan may very well add up to is simply this:the chief purpose of the master plan is that of mutual education.
The Master Plan Is Hortatory
The statutory mandate to make and adopt a master plan is really synonymous with a mandate to plan.
The Written Master Plan
The master plan is an ever changing recordation of the city planner`s end result thinking.
The improbability of such a mnemonic freak indicates. If the plan is regarded not as the vest pocket tool of the planning commission,but as a broad statement to be adopted by the most representative municipal body the local legislature, then the plan becomes a law through such adoption.
This will highlight the master plan`s primary role as a constitution. It is a point of view which should be introduced in a courtroom when a particular measure is being assayed.
Sunday, 24 October 2010
Downtown is for people~
The Power of Jane Jacobs: healthy cities, urban theory and design
Jane Jacob was born in Scranton, the daughter of a doctor and a former teacher and nurse, who were Protestant in a Catholic town. A year later, in the middle of the great depression, she left Scranton for New York.
She studied at Columia Unversity Extension School for two years, taking courses in geology, zoology, law, political science and economics. About the freedom to study her wide-ranging interests.
In 1968, Jacobs moved to Toronto, where she lived until her death. She decided to leave the United States in part because of her objection to the Vietnam War and worry about the fate of her two draft-age sons. She and her husband chose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered him work opportunities.
How hard can a street work?
The street works harder than any other part of downtown.It communicates the flavor, the feel, the sights.Users of downtown know very well that downtown needs not fewer streets, but more, especially for pedestrians.also a good street includes 4 points:
1.The animated alley
2.The pedestrian`s level
3.Maps of reality
4.The customer is right.
The Citizen
The remarkable intricacy and liveliness of downtown can never be created by the abstract logic of a few men. Downtown has had the capability of probiding something for everybody only because it has been created by everybody.
Final
Designing a dream city is easy, rebuilding a living one takes imagination.
Jane Jacob was born in Scranton, the daughter of a doctor and a former teacher and nurse, who were Protestant in a Catholic town. A year later, in the middle of the great depression, she left Scranton for New York.
She studied at Columia Unversity Extension School for two years, taking courses in geology, zoology, law, political science and economics. About the freedom to study her wide-ranging interests.
In 1968, Jacobs moved to Toronto, where she lived until her death. She decided to leave the United States in part because of her objection to the Vietnam War and worry about the fate of her two draft-age sons. She and her husband chose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered him work opportunities.
How hard can a street work?
The street works harder than any other part of downtown.It communicates the flavor, the feel, the sights.Users of downtown know very well that downtown needs not fewer streets, but more, especially for pedestrians.also a good street includes 4 points:
1.The animated alley
2.The pedestrian`s level
3.Maps of reality
4.The customer is right.
The Citizen
The remarkable intricacy and liveliness of downtown can never be created by the abstract logic of a few men. Downtown has had the capability of probiding something for everybody only because it has been created by everybody.
Final
Designing a dream city is easy, rebuilding a living one takes imagination.
Thursday, 14 October 2010
Pluralistic Planning 4 Multicultural Cities (⊙o⊙)
"A tree can be the source of neighborhood battles, as shown in Toronto by the "nature meets culture"headlines in the globe and mail. Italians and Portuguese like to keep trees short, allowing a better view of the neighbors.Ango-Saxons want trees to be tall and leafy,blocking any views from and to neighborhood houses.The chinese believe trees in front of a home bring bad luck."---e.g
Multiculturalism in Canada
Canada is one of the multiculturalism countries in the world. In the mosaic of aboriginal cultures and languages there,multiculturalism extends back to antiquity.(include British French Germans Russians and Chinese,ect).There are 3 indicators for Canadian population：ethnic origin，status as an immigrant and languages.There are old and new multiculturalism in Canda.The old multiculturalism or cultural mosaic was a private affair of immigrants.The new one is acknowledged by public ideology and official policy.
Multiculturalism,social diversity and the planning process
The cultural and racial diversity of citizens bears on the planning process in 3ways.
1.affects the rational technical component
2.planners must be sensitive to the needs of individuals in new ways
3.the scope and procedures of citizen involvement in the planning process have to be modified to accommodate multicultural policies
Metropolitan Toronto:Kingsview Park
KingsviewPark is a high rise condominium complex of 6 buildings containing 1794 apartments, it was built in 1971 along the four land Dixon Asia . The proportion of rents rose to about 12 percent and that’s in 1977. 1980s tomato’s property boom attracts speculator investors, by 1989-1991, 25 percent of the apartments were renter occupied. Because of high vacancies and downturn in property market, occupancy gradually filtered down in the rental market. 1994, most poor Somalis moved in and occupied 59 percent of rental units and 35 percent were in Kingsview Park
The Dixon case
London
The entertainment capital of the world-Las Vegas (not 4 sure)
Sydney
=====囧=囧=囧=囧=ect=囧=囧=囧=囧======
Multiculturalism in Canada
Canada is one of the multiculturalism countries in the world. In the mosaic of aboriginal cultures and languages there,multiculturalism extends back to antiquity.(include British French Germans Russians and Chinese,ect).There are 3 indicators for Canadian population：ethnic origin，status as an immigrant and languages.There are old and new multiculturalism in Canda.The old multiculturalism or cultural mosaic was a private affair of immigrants.The new one is acknowledged by public ideology and official policy.
Multiculturalism,social diversity and the planning process
The cultural and racial diversity of citizens bears on the planning process in 3ways.
1.affects the rational technical component
2.planners must be sensitive to the needs of individuals in new ways
3.the scope and procedures of citizen involvement in the planning process have to be modified to accommodate multicultural policies
Metropolitan Toronto:Kingsview Park
Kingsview
The Dixon case
From the Dixon case, The proposed solutions to the Dixon
This case illustrates public issues precipitated by the diversification of forms, functions and population in neighborhoods.
Ethnic Business Enclaves
In Canadian cities, local businesses of ethnic neighborhoods have been the basis of their cultural economies, and they often extend their markets beyond their surrounding neighborhoods. However not all immigrants owned business target ethnic populations, a historical example is that a restaurant opened in a little village in the 19th century, and they were the main restaurants there. In the 1970s, a new form of ethnic business enclaves emerged in Canada Toronto ’s revitalized Chinatown and its Chinese suburban malls and office clusters, its Indian bazaars and Greek villages.
Housing Choices- new culture is coming in,the old cultures stay.People move around all the time~
Institutions and services- Not only spatial and architectural forms,but also social institutions and community services,are affected by multicultralism.
Multicultural cities:
Hongkong
Thursday, 23 September 2010
New directions in planning theory 0_0
The communicative model
When 2 things are communicate, there is always a sender and a receiver. At least there is an intended receiver. In the diagram above A is the sender, B is the receiver.
A and B have different personal realities. They each have their own world formed by their experiences, their perceptions, their ideas, etc. They will perceive, experience, and interpret things differently. The same event will always be perceived a little different by each of two people.
For the consideration to communicate to appear at all there must be some kind of shared space. The participants must have some kind of concept of each other's location and of a possible channel of communication existing between them. They must agree sufficiently on these to agree that communication is taking place.
The sender will have some kind of meaning she wishes to convey to the receiver. It might not be conscious knowledge; it might be a sub-conscious wish for communication. What is desired to be communicated would be some kind of idea, perception, feeling, or datum. It will be a part of her reality that she wishes to send to somebody else.
Theoretical and practical deficiencies
One problem in communicative planning in practice is the gap between rhetoric and action. Another problem is the lengthy time, this leads to burnout among citizen participants and disillusion. Also the difficulties involved in framing alternatives when planners desist from agenda setting can raise another issue.
In communicative planning theory the spotlight is on the planner. Instead of asking what is to be done about cities and regions, communicative planners typically ask what planners should be doing, and the answer is that they should be good (i.e. tell the truth, not be pushy about their own judgments). Like the technocrats whom they criticize, they appear to believe that planners have a special claim on disinterested morality:
New urbanism
New urbanism refers to a design-oriented approach to planned urban development.The principle of new urbanism includes 10 points: walk ability ,connectivity, mixed-use and diversity,mixed housing,quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighbourhood structure, increased density,green transportation,sustainability and quality of life!And the benefits of urbanism are residents, business,developers and municipalities.
Critique
The just city
When 2 things are communicate, there is always a sender and a receiver. At least there is an intended receiver. In the diagram above A is the sender, B is the receiver.
A and B have different personal realities. They each have their own world formed by their experiences, their perceptions, their ideas, etc. They will perceive, experience, and interpret things differently. The same event will always be perceived a little different by each of two people.
For the consideration to communicate to appear at all there must be some kind of shared space. The participants must have some kind of concept of each other's location and of a possible channel of communication existing between them. They must agree sufficiently on these to agree that communication is taking place.
The sender will have some kind of meaning she wishes to convey to the receiver. It might not be conscious knowledge; it might be a sub-conscious wish for communication. What is desired to be communicated would be some kind of idea, perception, feeling, or datum. It will be a part of her reality that she wishes to send to somebody else.
Theoretical and practical deficiencies
One problem in communicative planning in practice is the gap between rhetoric and action. Another problem is the lengthy time, this leads to burnout among citizen participants and disillusion. Also the difficulties involved in framing alternatives when planners desist from agenda setting can raise another issue.
In communicative planning theory the spotlight is on the planner. Instead of asking what is to be done about cities and regions, communicative planners typically ask what planners should be doing, and the answer is that they should be good (i.e. tell the truth, not be pushy about their own judgments). Like the technocrats whom they criticize, they appear to believe that planners have a special claim on disinterested morality:
New urbanism
New urbanism refers to a design-oriented approach to planned urban development.The principle of new urbanism includes 10 points: walk ability ,connectivity, mixed-use and diversity,mixed housing,quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighbourhood structure, increased density,green transportation,sustainability and quality of life!And the benefits of urbanism are residents, business,developers and municipalities.
Critique
•Emphasis on public space, its consideration of the relationship between work and living, and its stance toward environmental quality.
• One of the frequently made criticisms is that it merely calls for a different form of suburbia rather than overcoming metropolitan social segregation.
• The New Urbanism can commit the same errors as modernism – that is assuming that changing peoples physical environment will somehow take care of the social inequalities that changed their lives.
• Only a publicly funded effort to combine social groups through mixing differently priced housing with substantial subsides for the low-income component can produce such a result.
• For planning theory, the most interesting aspect of the new urbanism is that its assurance of a better quality of life has inspired a social movement.
Just-city theorists fall into two categories: radical democrats and political economists. They believe that progressive social change results only form the exercise of power by those who previously had been excluded from power. Participation in public decision making is part of the ideal of the just city.
A theory of just city values participation in decision making by relatively powerless groups and equity of outcomes. The just city needs to incorporate an entrepreneurial state that not only provides welfare but also generates increased wealth, it also needs to project a future embodying a middle-class society rather that only empowering the poor and disfranchised.
Resurrecting optimism
The three types of planning theory described in this article all embrace a social reformist outlook. They represent a move from a purely critical perspective that characterised much theory in the 1970’s and 1980’s to one that once again offers a promise of a better life. More recent theorising has advanced from mere critique to focusing instead on offering a more appealing prospect of the future.
______-_-///______+_+_______o(n_n)0________what a hard article it is >_<
Wednesday, 15 September 2010
American Town Planning Theory since1945 —。—
The focus of presentation this week is---American Town Planning Theory since 1945:Three significant developments but no paradigm shifts. (Nigel Taylor)
Over the past of fifty years, town planning has developed more and more important in Britain and North Americca..And this article is an overview of the history for town planning thought since 1945 .There are three outstanding changes in town planning over that period.
First, the shift from the view of planning as an exercise in physical planning in 1960s and urban design to the systems and rational process views of planning.
Second, the shift from the view of town planning as an activity require to some technical skills for planning as a political process of making value-judgements about environmental change in which the planner act as a manager and facilitator of that process.
Third, the shift from 'modernist' to 'postmodernist' planning theory.
Half a century ago, there have been significant development in town planning theory .We have to learn more about the town planning of urban environments and the diverse values of different communities
.
Over the past of fifty years, town planning has developed more and more important in Britain and North Americca..And this article is an overview of the history for town planning thought since 1945 .There are three outstanding changes in town planning over that period.
First, the shift from the view of planning as an exercise in physical planning in 1960s and urban design to the systems and rational process views of planning.
Second, the shift from the view of town planning as an activity require to some technical skills for planning as a political process of making value-judgements about environmental change in which the planner act as a manager and facilitator of that process.
Third, the shift from 'modernist' to 'postmodernist' planning theory.
Half a century ago, there have been significant development in town planning theory .We have to learn more about the town planning of urban environments and the diverse values of different communities
.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)